Code Reference
StructuralIBC 2021

Section 1609.1/Wind Loads

IBC 1609 establishes wind load design requirements including basic wind speed, exposure category, and reference to ASCE 7 for calculation procedures.

What this section requires

All buildings and structures must be designed and constructed to resist wind loads as determined by ASCE 7 Chapters 26 through 31. Section 1609.1.1 requires the basic wind speed to be determined from the ASCE 7 wind speed maps based on the building's Risk Category. The exposure category (B, C, or D) is determined by the surface roughness of the surrounding terrain per ASCE 7 Section 26.7. Section 1609.1.2 requires buildings in wind-borne debris regions (wind speeds of 130 mph or greater in hurricane-prone areas, or within one mile of the coast where wind speeds are 110 mph or greater) to have impact-resistant glazing or shutters tested per ASTM E1996 and E1886. The structural general notes must include the basic wind speed, risk category, exposure category, and the applicable ASCE 7 edition.

Why this section exists

Wind is the governing lateral load for most low-rise and mid-rise buildings outside of high seismic regions. The IBC references ASCE 7 for wind load calculation procedures, which determine both the main wind-force resisting system (MWFRS) pressures for the overall structure and the component and cladding (C&C) pressures for individual elements. The wind-borne debris requirements protect building envelopes in hurricane zones from flying debris that can breach glazing, allowing wind-driven rain and internal pressurization that lead to roof failures. The exposure category significantly affects design pressures: a building in Exposure D (flat, unobstructed coastal terrain) can experience 50% higher pressures than the same building in Exposure B (suburban terrain).

What plan reviewers look for

Plan reviewers check the structural general notes for the basic wind speed (must match the ASCE 7 map for the building's location and risk category), exposure category (with justification for the selected category), and the ASCE 7 edition used. They verify that the MWFRS wind pressures and C&C pressures are calculated and applied correctly. For buildings in wind-borne debris regions, they check that impact- resistant glazing or shutters are specified on the window and door schedules with the applicable ASTM E1996 missile level.

Common violations

Wind speed from wrong risk category map
A hospital (Risk Category IV) uses a basic wind speed of 115 mph from the Risk Category II map. Risk Category IV buildings must use the higher wind speed from Figure 1609.3(4), which may be 130 mph or higher for the same location, resulting in significantly higher design pressures.
Exposure category not stated on drawings
The structural general notes list the wind speed but do not state the exposure category. The exposure category is essential for calculating velocity pressure and must be documented with the basis for its selection (surrounding terrain characteristics per ASCE 7 Section 26.7).
Compliance tip
Include the following on the structural general notes: basic wind speed with risk category, exposure category with justification, wind importance factor (if applicable under the referenced ASCE 7 edition), and the ASCE 7 edition. For wind-borne debris regions, note the glazing protection requirements on the architectural drawings and door/window schedules. Reference the wind load calculations in the structural calculation package.
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Related sections

26.5.1Basic Wind SpeedASCE 7-2228.4.1Wind Loads on Low-Rise Buildings (Envelope Procedure)ASCE 7-2230.4.1Components and Cladding Wind Pressures on Low-Rise BuildingsASCE 7-22

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