Section 405.1/Ramp Requirements
ADA 2010 Section 405 covers accessible ramp slope, width, rise, landing, handrail, and edge protection requirements.
Ramps along accessible routes must have a running slope no steeper than 1:12 (8.33%). Cross slope must not exceed 1:48 (2.08%). The clear width between handrails must be at least 36 inches. The maximum rise for any single ramp run is 30 inches, after which a level landing is required. Landings must be provided at the top and bottom of every ramp run and at every change of direction. Landings must be at least 60 inches long in the direction of travel and at least as wide as the ramp. Handrails complying with Section 505 are required on both sides of ramp runs with a rise greater than 6 inches. Edge protection (curbs, walls, or railings) must prevent wheelchair casters and crutch tips from slipping off the ramp surface. Ramp surfaces must be firm, stable, and slip- resistant. Where ramps are exposed to wet conditions, they must be designed to prevent the accumulation of water.
Why this section exists
Ramps are the primary means of providing wheelchair and mobility device access where level changes exist along accessible routes. The 1:12 maximum slope represents the steepest grade that most manual wheelchair users can ascend independently. The 30-inch maximum rise per run limits the continuous effort required. Landings provide rest points and maneuvering space for turning. Handrails provide stability for ambulatory people with balance impairments and assist wheelchair users in controlling their descent. Edge protection prevents wheels and mobility aids from slipping off the edge, which can cause falls and tip-overs.
What plan reviewers look for
Plan reviewers measure the ramp slope from the floor plan or section drawing (rise divided by run). They verify the clear width between handrails is at least 36 inches. They check that the total rise does not exceed 30 inches without an intermediate landing. They verify landings at the top, bottom, and at direction changes are dimensioned at least 60 inches long. They check for handrails on both sides and edge protection. They verify door maneuvering clearances at landings where doors open onto the ramp.